Adding-machine.



PATENTBD SEPT. 17, 1907.

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WDW D @Vi twaoou viii. PATENTED SEPT.V17,-1907 W. C. PARIS.

ADDING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 27, 1907.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

' Tardi Gunnar 319i twzooes PATENTBD SEPT. 17

W. G. PARIS.`

ADDING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 27, 1'907.

9 SHEETS-SHEET '3.

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PAQTENTBD SEPT. 17, l90'7.

@Hudson PATENTED SEPT. I7, 1907.

W. C. PARIS.

ADDING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED HAB.. Z7, 1907.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 5.

l i Ma/wfg PATENTED SEPT. I7, 1907.

W. C. PARIS.

ADDING MACHINE.

APPLICATION FILED 11.111.27.190?.

9 SHEETS-MEET 6.

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Gtmnup No. 866,298. PATENTED SEPT. '17, 1907. W. C. PARIS.

ADDING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED MAR. 27, 1907.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 7.

PATENTBD SEPT. 17

W. C. PARIS.

ADDING MACHINE.l

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 27, 1907.

9 SHEETS-SHEET 8.

55m/vento?. TC, Par?.

No. 866,293. PATENTED SEPT. 17, '1907.

W. C. PARIS.

ADDING MACHINE. APPLICATION FILED MILZ'I, 1907.

@mantos W. fard?- @5w M v v Streuung@ UNTTED STATES PATENT ormonf WlLLIAM CLARENCE PARIS, OF DYERSBURG, TEhNESSEFi.

ADDING-MACHINE.

No. 866,298. Specification of Letters Patent, Patented Sept. 17, 1907. Application tiled March 27,1907. Serial No. 364,835.

To all whom 'it may concern: l wheels being omittedI and other parts being broken Be it known that l, ,WILLIAM CLARENCE Panis,V a x away; Fig. 12 is a side elevation oi one oi the printing citizen of tbe United States, residing at Dyersburg, in i wheels, and of the coperating printing mechanism; the county of Dyer and State of Tennessee, have in- Fig. 13 is a section through a movable box showing 60 vented anew and usc-.ful Adding-Machine, oi which the one o the plungers, and showing the lower portion of following is a specificationj, the printing wheel immediately upon the opposite This invention relates to an adding machine, and i, side of the wheels shown in Fig. l2; Fig. 14 is a detail the object o thelinvention is a machine o this type l side elevation, parts being in section of certain mechwhich will print'upon a strip o paper various amounts, anisin or operating the total printing wheels; Fig. 15 65 placing the said amounts in coljumns, and will ther! i is a view of the parts shown in Fig. 14; and at right automatic-.illy print at the bottom oi the column the angles to Fig. 14; Fig. 16 is a detail perspective view correct sum of the amounts set forth in the column. of means for 'permitting the reversal of the printing A further object of the invention is a machine oi wheels;V Fig. 17 is aninverted plan view of the slide i this type in which the printing wheels may be reshown in Fig. 3', Fig. 1S is an edge view oi said slide; 7() versed in the event of any error being made by the op- Fig` 19 is a perspective view of a box and lever to coerator in manipulating the machine. operate with the detail printing wheels; Fig. 20 is a A inrther object of the invention is to provide in a perspective view of a box and lever to cooperate with machine of' this kind a set of detail printing wheels the total printing wheels; Fig. 21 is a. perspective view representing units, tens, hundreds, etc;, which will of a plunger rod designed for moving a strip o paper 75 2() 4print successively any number of amounts, placing and actuating the lifting box shown in Fig. 2O.A v

each item in its proper place in a column o iigures, l In constructing my device lernploy a casing l which and to provide a set of total printing wheels which is provided upon one side and at the rear with an exwill rotate simultaneously with the rotation 0i the devtension 2. This extension Zisrearwardly extending as tail printing wheels, and which will automatically it is iaccd by the operator using the machine. .The cas 80 2.5 add the amounts printed by the detail Wheels as they ing is provided 'upon its opposite .sides and at.` the top Y are set down, andwhich will finally print the total at withv parallel guide` strips '3 betweenv which moves a the bottom o the column. .slide 4. .This slide consists of Asuitable block oi wood The invention consists in the novel features o conor other material which is properly grooved atfthe ends struction hereinafter described,. pointed out in the to fit the guides 3 and it will be more iully described 85 clainisand shown in the accompanying drawings, in when the operation ofthe machine is explained. vThe. i casing is also slotted uponopposite sides as shown at 5,

which, v

' F'gure 1. is a perspectivcview of the machine; Fig. the slides being transverse with the casing and levers (S project upwardly through these slotsin position to be lis a longitudinal section taken through the casing ambita extension anckshowing in side elevation a engaged by the'slideias will hereinafter appear. The 90 casing 1 is also slotted upon one side as' shown at 7 in I .travelingbeltytwosprocketwheels'drivenbysaid belt i v and vcertain operatir'ig mechanism; Fig. L3 vis. a perspecwhich slot .works'and through which slot proj eeisa suittive 'vi-mii' of a A'movable slide carried by the easing', `able hand-operated plunger The vextension Z'has its Figfl isa perspcctiveview o aportion of one of top in a lower plane than'the top oi the body portion oi .traveling .b't`-lts;Fig;l 5f isV a plan view of the me'chanf the` casing and the casing 1A is suitably eut away to per- 9 46 visnii carried by the casing,A vthe top o the casing being mit traveling belts 11,13, C z nd D to run across the top of removed and Vits 'sidewalls being shown in section; the extension 2 where they are visible and within easy 4Fig. G is a detail side4 elevation of certain stop mechan# reach ofthe operator. These belts are provided at fixed ism; Fig'? is a plan view of the parts` shown in elevaintervals with laterally extending pins Sand opppsiie tion in Fig. 6, alpin operating stop mechanism being each tenth pin the belts carryupwardly extending lin- 100V lshown in cross section, various `rpositions'o the pinv gers 10, ,'The belts 1MB, C and D travel over suitable and stop" mechanism being shown in dotted lines; rolle1s-11 mounted respectively in the iront end oi the Fig. 8 is a longitudinal section through the casing casinglandthe rear end of the extension 2. Thebclts showing in elevation the` printing mechanism, and represent, respectively, units, tens, hundreds and also showing the stop mechanism lshown in detail in thousands, reading'i'rom right to lei't, the belt l) repre- 10o 5() Figs. (l and 7 j Fig. 9 is a transverse sectiontaken upon senting the units and the belt A the thousands.

the line of shaft supporting the total printing wheels; Within the casing are mounted two parallel shafts if Fig. l0 is a horizontal section taken transversely and 13 and upon the shafts either directly or indirectly through the easing on the line of the shaft supporting are mounted two Asets of sprocket wheels and two sets ei the detail printing wheels, thel shaft being shown in printing wheels. The iirst set oi sprocket wheels en- 'rl'.l

elevation', Fig. ll is a detail perspective view showgaged by the belts are indicated at A D, C and D", ing a portion o the printing mechanism, some. o the and are notched on their peripheries as shown at 14, l

which notches are engaged bythe pins 'of the belts, I at A27 adjacent its lower end wheel B/ bleing engaged by the pins 9 so on. Upon the shaft. 13 are-mounted asimilar set of plate 29 is carried by the lower end of each lever 25 sprocket wheels indicated at y3A?, B2, C2, D2. 'The shaft and these springs permit of movement of the levers iii 12 has no longitudinal movement but the shaft1l3'is held one direction without moving the belts, but when the in sockets 13'* which permit la fertain longitudinal slidlevers are shifted in the opposite direction the springs ing movement of the shaft so that the sprocket wheels 29 will engage ribs formed upon the belts, which ribs mounted upon said shaft may be thrown out of gear by are practically continuous across the belt of the 'pins 9, 75 shifting them clear of the pins carried by the belts The and the belt or belts so engaged will be shifted one shaft l2 also supportsecertainprinting wheels E F G point or step, thus giving a one-tenth rotation to the ndH, and the shaft 13 supports a set of printing wheels wheels.` It will'be obvious therefore that this addi- I,' J, yK and L The relationship between the two sets tional rotation will be conveyed from the sprocket 'ot sprocket wheels and thetwosets of printing wheels is wheels'A, B, Gf and Di or which ever one may-be 80 l most clearlybrought ont in Figs.l 9 and l0. Referring, given the additional one-tenth rotation to the corretherfore,. to these figures it will be noted that the spending total printing wheels. It will also be obvious sprocket wheel A is mounted directly upon the shaft 12 that Without any other connecting means the belt asfisthe printing wheel E, both Wheels vbeing xed to would 'give the same movement to the detail sprocket the shaft. The sprocket wheel B is not mounted diwheels but means are provided as will hereafter appear 85 rectly upon tlie shaft l2 but is mounted upon a sleeve which resets jthe detail printing wheels and their corre- 15 which fits loosely upon the sha1' t l2 and the printing spending sprocket wheels after each printing operation wheel Fis also mounted upon this sleeve. The sprocket In order td permit correction of any error in manipuwheel C( and printing Wheel G are in a like manner' lating the belts and to allow a reverse movement of all mounted upon a sleevel, and the sprocket wheels D of the wheels in order to correct said error, as well as 90 upon the shaft 13,

tween theilngers l0.

and the pins 23 project into the path traveled by the and H are mounted upon a sleeve 17. The printing lwheels which also represent units, tens, hundreds and thousands are therefore read fromle'ft to right, as seen in right hand side, traveling toward the operator.

yIn Fig. l0, thejview is takei'i looking in the direction opposite to that of Fig. 9, and it will be noted thatthe sprocket Wheel A2 andthe printing Wheel I are fixed and, therefore, slide with said shaft when it is shifted longitudinally. The various sprocket This would, therefore, prevent the fingers 10 in a reverse direction as they would bestopped by tli'e pins 23. One end of the board 30 is pivotally NYY r32 mounted upon a rockshaft 33 suitable angled brackets 34" and is normally held in an v elevated positionby a coil spring 35 Whichis carried by the pii'i between the two brackets. manner as the printing wheels'E, F, end of the pin s pivoted to a lug-36 carried by the rock It will also be noted that the i i levers G heretofore referred to as projecting through secured to the shaft 13 Iso that when the levers are rocked the shaft is moved lengthwise.l It will be obvious that if the sc t of total printing wheels were only rotated With the detail prin ting Wheels there would be no adding operation performed. In order therefore, that the additional movement necessary may be given to the total printing wheels the following described mechansliaft 33 also carries an ariii to which connected a link 38 which is also pivoted is pivots-ily to the free shaft carries a plurality f pawls 4l which' lingers l0 already mentioned as being placed upon they belts A y/B, C and D, there being nino of the pins 9 b board 3() as described', but also rocks the shaft ll0 and Asuitable depending bracket 24 is arranged'adjacent each of the bars 22 and upon Athose their porplieries withsiiitable dios 42, which dies are brackets are pivoted intermediate their ends interlockis slottedas shown ing" levers 25 and 25". The lever 25 The lower iniier end of arm 39 which is fixed upon a shalt 40 and this` passage of any of the l of the casing l, 1s journaled in .i

pins 9 oi the belts. I also provide a paper holding drum 43 and also feed rolls 44 and a strip of paper or other suitable material 45 upon which the amounts are to be printed is carried by the drum 43 and passes immediately below the printing wheels and between the feed rollers 44. A ribbon holding roller 46 carries an in king ribbon 47 which winds upon a roller 48, said inking roller passing between the printing wheels parallel. to andimmediately above the paper strip 45. It will be understood, -of course, that idlers are arranged wherever found necessary to control and aid in the travel of the inking ribbon and the paper strip. Suitable guides 49 are arranged in the casing at the point where the paper strip 45 passes thereover in order that there may be little or no danger of the strip becoming broken or'tearihg off within the casing. Boxes 50 are arranged below each set of printing wheels and in each box are pivoted levers 5l the free ends of which rest beneath theprintf ing wheels and act as plungers, forcing the paper and inking ribbon against the dies. Beneath the free end of each lever 51 is a coil spring 52 which serves to lift the free end of the lever so that it will be in striking position when the box is elevated. 1n order, however, that only certain predetermined Wheels will print an impression at a given time it is necessary that means be devised to hold down out of striking position those levers whichv are under wheels from which no impression is to be taken during the printing operation. In order to effect this I provide a plurality of rock shafts 53 for each set of printing wheels and these shafts are slidably held in brackets 53". The shafts 53 are journaled at z each end and carry downwardly extending arms 54. These arms are engaged respectively by cams carried l by the printing wheels.

flt will be noted that the number of shafts 53 and arms .x54 :tro less than the number of printing Wheels, there being no cams or coperatingparts upon the vunit wheels,

since any amount printed would'necessarily contain a unit ligure, while it might not contain figures extend-l ing into the higher denominations. To each rock shaft 53 is connected an angled arm 56, the lower angle i portion of which rests across one or more of the levers' 5l For exmnple, the arm 56 which is 'connected' 'toi the rock shaft-53 whose arm 54 is enga-'ged by the Cainv 55 carried by theprinting wheels J which represents tenths extends across one of the levers 5l, thus-holding down that lever lying under the wheel, representing units. The arm 56 operated by the cum of the wheel K Y would extend across onlv two levers, that of the wheels l and J', while the arm 56 operated by the cam of thewheol L, would Irest across the levers under the wheels i, .l and K. 'The reason for this construction .will be fleur when it is noted that the roekiugof the last mentioned arm 56 and the consequent lifting of said arm from its lever would bring it into contact with both of the other arms and iwill, therefore, lift all three of. them. lf however, vonly units and tens are to be printed only the lever 5l, under the prntingwheel l is to be unlocked and lconsequently the `mun 55 of the wheel .T, rockslthe arm 56 which lies across one of the levers unlocking it and permitting printing.

The sliding pluiuzor or har 8. which has been heretofore referred io :is project ing through anv opening upon the one side ol the casing is provided with u cuni portion 57 upon its lower edge and ils inner end is formed into a rack bar 59 which engages and rotates a ratchet wheel 60 which is fixed to the lower feed roller44. The

, box 50 ben eath the set of total printing wheel is supporteil upon one end of atiltinglcvf-r 6l and theotherend of the level' is provided with a roller 62 which is engaged by the cam 57. A spring 63 is connected at one end to an end of the casing 1 and at the opposite end to the plunger or slide bar 8 and returns the same to its normal position after it has been` moved rearwardly by hand. The upper roller 44 and the ribbon holding roller 48 are also provided with ratchet wheels 64 which are engaged by spring pawls 65 and these pawls are carried by a vortically movable bar 67. The box 50 placed below the set ofdetail printing wheels is supported upon one end of a lever 66, the opposite end of which is below and in position to be engaged by the bar 67 This bar projects upwardly through the top of the casing l, and carries at its upper end a roller 6 8. A slide 4 heretofore mentioned is provided with a straight cam groove 69 which contains a depending cam projection which engages the roller 68 as the block 4 is drawn by the operator toward him7 thereby depressing the har 67. The depression of this bar tilts one end of the lever 66 and lifts the end supporting the box 50 beneath the detail .printing wheels, thereby bringing into play the levers 51 which have been unlocked through the action of the cams 55 and have been lifted by their springs 52 into striking position. As the bar 67 commences its downward movement one of the pawls 65 carried thereby engages a ratchet 64 fixed upon the upper feed roller 44 and rotates the same a sufficient distance to bring a new surface of the paper into position-t0 be printed upon as the box 50 and lever 51 rises. The bar 67 is returned to its original position by a spring 70, shown in Fig. 9, and the upwardly movement of the bar lifts the other pawl 65 which is in engagement-with the ratchet 64 upon the ribbon holding roller or drum 48 thus bringing a new surface of Vthe ribboninto position beneath the printing wheels. To hold down the bars 67` against theA tension Aof the'spring 70 for thelnecessary interval of time. I employ an eccentrically mounted disk 7l which isfcut out asshown at'71'a. y The slide 4 carries a depending 'pin "721 whichl works vthrough a suitable not. formed in the topvofj the .casing 1 andas the slide4l is moved along the slideway 3 it first depresses therod 67'andthc,` pin 72 Vthen' comes' into errgagern'enowith v -the notch, 7l'and shifts fthe disk7l as to 'throwit` :above a roller-73 'carried upon one sideof the bar 67, :thuslholding the said bar in adepressed position until the slide 4 is returned'to its normal-position when the pin 72 again engaging the notch 71 returns the disk 7 .l to its normal position as shown in full lines in Fig. 7.

The disk is shown in Figfli in the position assumed when the bar 67 isdepressed. The underside of the slide 4 also carries a pluralityof projections 74 arranged obliquely with respect to cach other which engage the levers 25 throwing the same in succession and thus restoring the levers 25 and 25 to their normal position`- from which they lwere thrown through the action of the fingers 10 upon therods 22. In order to shift the bars 6, and tlnls throw the detail sprocket wheels A2, B2, (l2 and D2 clear of the pins 9 the slide 4 is provided upon l its under face with angled grooves 75 which engage the upper ends of the said bars 6. It will also be obvious that the shifting of these sprocket wheels by shifting l the shaft upon which they 'are mounted renders it necessary that the rock shafts 53 which cornrate with the detail pripting wheels, l, J, 'K and li, should be slidably journaled in their bracket 53". As the other printingwheels are not shifted longitudinally itl is immaterial how the rock shafts 53 coperating with Isaid set oi' wheels are journaled.

The operation of the device is as followsf-Assuming the amounts to he 49 and' 174. The operator places one finger on belt D opposite the numeral 4 and another finger on the belt oppositethe numeral 9 and draws the belts toward him soth'at the pins 9 adjacent his fingers are brought into alinement with the numeral/l on the topof the extension 2. .The operator releases the belt but continues the-drawing movement, sliding the slide 4or block 4 toward him. As'the belts are 'pulled the sprocket wheels D and D2 and the printing wheels E and l, are moved` through four-tenths ola revolution,

bringing numerals 4 iii-both printing wheels in position for printing. `Sprocketwheels C and G2 are/ rotated nine-tenths of a revolution, and numeral 9 is brought into printing position on the wheels .F and J. Movement of the slide 4 by means of thevcam 69 depresses bar 67', lever 66, lifts printing box under the detail printing wheels 1,'J, K and L. The c'am 55 on printing wheels J lifts the lever 5G .through arms 54 engaged by its cam and rock-shaft .53. This permits units and tens to be printed. But only the detail printing wheels I on the strip of paper. As the slide 4 continues its travel itrcverses the levers 25 and 2 5 throwing them into posi tion shown in full lines inFig.- 15, LastlyA the engagemeutof the grooves with therods 6 s hits'the sprocket wheels A2, B2, G2 ari-dD? clear oi the belts, and springs 7G connected to said sprockets restore the wheels A2 and' lig back to their normal position and also return the printing wheels I and .I to nor'rnal position. The ,total printing wheels E, Fhowever, remain set at 49. Returning the slide- 4 to normal position returns the sprocket wheels A2, etc. into engagement with the belts, and also permits bar (i7 and levers 66 to' return .to'normal positmn. -The amount 174 is printed in the same manner,fthe movement of the .bar 67 shiftingfthe strip of paper through movement of the pawl 65V engaging ratchet 64 of upper eed roller 44. The effect on 'thev total printing wheels Vwill be to turn E four morev points.

or steps bringing numeral into position, dies/0, `1,22,

and s being-m0ved.. Wheel F win be shifted 7 points.'

bringing numeral 1 into position. *Wheel G is shifted l point, bringing numeral 2 linto position. This would, at this stage, lprint 2139.5 the total. But a 'tinger'lO'on belt D engages n. pinp'23 and shifts levers 25, 25? into dotted position shown in Fig. 14, shifting only those i levers whose spring 29 engages the adjacent belt C. It will be noted that this is thecase as belt D has been pulled thirteen points,fnine the first time and. four the .,secorxcl, and a linger ten is arranged on the belts for eveiryzten, ins 9, or pointsas they may be termed. fris slide 4 is again' moved it not only prints 174 onthe papers under the' detail printingwheels I, .l and K but alsoby striking lever 25 shifts belt B and turns printing wheel l? one step making the numeral 2 insteadoi' ll register with the paper. Ii now the total 223 is to be printed it is only necessary to slide plunger 8. Rack bar 59' rotates rat'cli'et Wheel 60, and lower iced roller 44v4 moving the proper portion of the paperst'rip 45 under the total printing wheels E, F and G and the cam 57 depresses roller 62 and lever 61 and lifts box 50 under said wheels' and the total is printed. The printed portion isl drawn out between the guides 49'and torn o ff.

There may be any number of belts and of wheels in aset.

Having thus' described my invention what I claimas new and desire to secure by. Letters Patent of the United States is; 'i l- 1. An adding machine comprising two sets of sprocket wheels, belts running over b'oth sets, said belts having linger engaging means, 'printing wheels corresponding to the sprocket wheels' and actuated therebyfa slidableblock,

means actuated by said block for operating printing mechA anism coperating with one se't of the printing; wheels, l

means Aoperable by hand to coipernte with theset of' printing wheels, and means operable by the sliding block for' throwing one set of sprocket wheels out of Ageni' so that they may be reversed.

, 2. 1n 'an addingmachinadetail sprocket wheels, total sprocket wheels, belts running over said wheels, 4eachbelt actuating a -detail and atomi sprocket wheel, detail and total printing wheels rotating 'synchronously with the sprocket wheels, printing mechanism copernting'witli the printing wheels, and means for throwing Vthe detail sprocket wheels out of gear with the belts.

In anadding machine ltwo sets of sp1ocket' wl1eels step by vstep with the sprocket wheels, pins -carried by each belt engaging the notches of n sprocket wheel of each set, means for sliding the vsprpcket,wheels of one set clear of the pins, and means for returning said wheels to their' normal positions whenclear ot the pins. p

4. AIn an `adding machine, belts having projecting pins., sprocket wheelsarranged in .sets and notched, the pins enmans for disengaging thejsaid wheels 'from the belts, means for returning thewheels to normal position when disengaged, fingers carried by the beltsgalining with every tenth pin, mealfs operable by saidfingers for rotatingone step Aawheel of the. other setfadjacent the .wheel operated by the belt pins, and printing` wheels operating syn- 'chronousiy with the sprocket wheels.

'having notched peripheries, belts, printing wheels rotatedV 'gaglng-the-notchs, one of said set's'being 'detail' wheels,

5. vIn an adding machine, a set of detail' 'printing wheels,

mounted on concentric shafts, s sprocket wheel on each of saidshattsfajlplurality o! belts, said belts equaling. in

vnumber thenumberj'o detail'printing Wheels, cach belt:

dr'iving 'a sprocket wheel of a detail printing wheel, and a. sprocket wheel of a total printing wheel, means 'for throwing-'the sprocket wheels connected to the detail printing wheelszclear 'of 'the belt aftereach printing voperation, meansforreversing said sprocket wheels, and' the detai l printing wheels when clear ofythe belt, fingers cnr- .ried by 'the belt atpredetermined intervals, and means `'engaged by suld fingers .'rtorpgivlng a" partial rotation to one of thesprocket wheels connected to the total printing wheels, as and for the 'purpose setforth.'

6. In an adding machine, a setotdetail pi'intingwheels,

means lfor independently rotating saidwheels, a set of vtotal Aprinting wheels, a boxlunderench set of wheels, :in

taking-ribbon traveling 'between said box'es' and wheels,. a strip of material to be printed on, means for moving,r said strip, vlevers pivoted in the boxes adapted to beur on the underside of thev strlp,'levers supporting said boxes, and separate means for lifting cach hox. i

'-'a set of total printingwheels, the wheels of each set being,

soy

lio

7. In n device of the kind described, a shaft, n sprocket Wheel iitted therdon, a printing wheel fixed on 'the shaft, n plurality oi' concentrically arranged sleevesmounted loosely on the shaft, a sprocket vwheel on each'ot said 4' sleeves, u printingwheel on each sleeve,.belts coperatingA with the sprocket wheels, and .printing mechanism cooperating with the printing wheels.

l8. In `an adding machine, a set of printing wheels, a verticaliv movable box, lever's'pivoted in the box. and having their free ends resting below the wheels, springs under the levers, ock. shafts, angled arms carried by said shafts 14oKA and resting` respectively on the levers, and means for rock- -ing said shafts.

f). In :In adding movable levers adapted to coperate with the wheels, rock Shafts, angled arms mentioned wheels, rock shafts, arms carried by said rock shafts engaging the cams, plvoted levers arranged below the earn-carrying varying lengthscarried by the rock-shnft and resting on the levers, the longest arm resting across all ot the levers and 0perableby the 0am on the second wheel, the remaining WILLIAM CLARENCE PARIS. Witnesses:

J. F. BIGGS, R. S. WATKiNs. 

